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Country Profiles

AR5: Mitigation of Climate Change

IPCC

Chapter

11: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

AR5: Mitigation of Climate Change

Themes

Energy & Transport

Mitigation

Agriculture & Land

Gender reference

Chaptere 11: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

[...]

11.7 Co-benefits, risks, and spillovers

11.7.1 Socio-economic effects

Box 11.6 | Challenges for mitigation in developing countries in the AFOLU sector:

Extra effort is required to address equity issues including gender, challenges, and prospects (Mbow et al., 2012).

11.13 Appendix Bioenergy: Climate effects, mitigation options, potential and sustainability implications

11.13.6 Bioenergy and sustainable development

Efficient biomass cook stoves and biogas stoves at the same time provide multiple benefits: They reduce the pressure on forests and biodiversity; they reduce exposure to smoke-related health hazards; they reduce drudgery for women in collection fuelwood; and they save money if fuel needs to be purchased (Martin et al., 2011).

Elaborated language

Chaptere 11: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

[...]

11.7 Co-benefits, risks, and spillovers

[...]

11.7.1 Socio-economic effects

[...]

Box 11.6 | Challenges for mitigation in developing countries in the AFOLU sector:

Critical issues to address are the co-benefits and adverse sideeffects associated with changed agricultural production, the necessary link between mitigation and adaptation, and how to manage incentives for a substantial GHG abatement initiative without compromising food security (Smith and Wollenberg, 2012; Sections 11.5; 11.7). The challenge is to strike a balance between emissions reductions/adaptation and development/poverty alleviation priorities, or to find policies that co-deliver. Mitigation pathways in developing countries should address the dual need for mitigation and adaptation through clear guidelines to manage multiple options (Section 11.5.4). Prerequisites for the successful implementation of AFOLU mitigation projects are ensuring that (a) communities are fully engaged in implementing mitigation strategies, (b) any new strategy is consistent with ongoing policies or programmes, and (c) a priori consent of small holders is given. Extra effort is required to address equity issues including gender, challenges, and prospects (Mbow et al., 2012).

11.13 Appendix Bioenergy: Climate effects, mitigation options, potential and sustainability implications

[...]

11.13.6 Bioenergy and sustainable development

Small-scale bioenergy options can provide cost-effective alternatives for mitigating climate change, at the same time helping advance sustainable development priorities, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. IEA (2012b) estimates that 2.6 billion people wide depend on traditional biomass for cooking, while 84% of these belong to rural communities. Use of low-quality fuels and inefficient cooking and heating devices leads to pollution resulting in nearly 4 million premature deaths every year, and a range of chronic illnesses and other health problems (Lim et al., 2012; see Section 9.7.3.1). Modern small-scale bioenergy technologies such as advanced/efficient cook stoves, biogas for cooking and village electrification, biomass gasifiers, and bagasse-based co-generation systems for decentralized power generation, can provide energy for rural communities with energy services that also promote rural development (IEA, 2011). Such bioenergy systems reduce CO2 emissions from unsustainable biomass harvesting and short-lived climate pollutants, e.g., black carbon, from cleaner combustion (Chung et al., 2012). Scaling up clean cookstove initiatives could not only save 2 million lives a year, but also significantly reduce GHG emissions (Section 11.13.3). Efficient biomass cook stoves and biogas stoves at the same time provide multiple benefits: They reduce the pressure on forests and biodiversity; they reduce exposure to smoke-related health hazards; they reduce drudgery for women in collection fuelwood; and they save money if fuel needs to be purchased (Martin et al., 2011). Benefits from the dissemination of improved cookstoves outweigh their costs by sevenfold, when their health, economic, and environmental benefits are accounted for (Garcia-Frapolli et al., 2010).