Chapter 8: Urban Areas
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8.2. Urbanization Processes, Climate Change Risks, and Impacts
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8.2.4. Urban Sectors: Exposure and Sensitivity
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8.2.4.3: Transportation and Telecommunication
Low-income urban residents can also be profoundly affected during and after extreme weather events that damage critical public transit links, prevent access to work, and heighten exposure to health risks. Interviews in Georgetown, Guyana, found that the limited transport access of low-income households during floods made them more prone to losing time from work or school,compared to wealthier households. Poorer households rarely owned cars, and wading barefoot through floodwaters exposed them to water-borne pathogens (Linnekamp et al., 2011). Some studies find urban women walk or use public transport more than men (World Bank, 2010c); hence, the gendered impact of transport disruptions may merit greater consideration (UN-HABITAT, 2011a; Levy, 2013).
Table 8-3
Security is linked to key developmental issues such as income, housing, health care, education, and food security. Moderate prospects as city governments can enhance emergency response services, to significantly reduce vulnerability for those who are most at risk.Where security and emergency forces have limited public trust, and especially with regard to gender issues, scope for supporting adaptation and risk management is considerably constrained. (see full table on page 580 of the Report)
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8.4. Putting Urban Adaptation in Place: Governance, Planning, and Management
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8.4.2. Engaging Citizens, Civil Society, the Private Sector, and Other Actors and Partners
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8.4.2.2. Supporting Household and Community-Based Adaptation
In well-governed cities, community groups and local governments are mutually supportive, providing information, capacity, and resources in maintaining local environmental health and public safety,which in turn can support adaptation. Where local government has not yet formulated an adaptation strategy, community groups can raise political visibility for climate risks and provide front-line coping (Wilson, 2006; Granberg and Elander, 2007), and also begin to address gender disparities in urban risks (Björnberg and Hansson, 2013).
