| Collaborative decision making: Workshop-based methods |
Appreciation–influence–control (AIC)
AIC encourages stakeholders to consider the social, political, and cultural factors, along with the technical and economic aspects, that influence a given project or policy. Activities focus on building appreciation through listening, influence through dialogue, and control through action.
Objectives-oriented project planning (ZOPP)
The purpose of ZOPP is to undertake participatory, objectives-oriented planning that spans the life of the project or policy work, while building stakeholder commitment and capacity with a series of workshops.
TeamUP
TeamUp builds on ZOPP, but emphasizes team building. It enables teams to undertake participatory, objectives-oriented planning and action, while fostering a “learning-by-doing” atmosphere.
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Collaborative decision making:
Community-based methods
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Participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
PRA is a label given to a growing family of participatory approaches and methods that emphasize local knowledge and enable people to undertake their own appraisal, analysis, and planning. It enables development practitioners, government officials, and local people to work together in context-appropriate programmes.
SARAR
The purpose of this participatory method is to (a) provide a multisectoral, multilevel approach to team building through training, (b) encourage participants to learn from local experiences rather than from external experts, and (c) empower people at the community and agency levels to initiate action.
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Methods for stakeholder consultation
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Beneficiary assessment (BA)
BA’s general purposes are to (a) undertake systematic listening to “give voice” to poor and other hardto-reach beneficiaries, thereby highlighting constraints to beneficiary participation, and (b) obtain feedback on development interventions.
Systematic client consultation (SCC)
SCC refers to a group of methods used by the World Bank to improve communication among Bank staff, direct and indirect beneficiaries and stakeholders of bank-financed projects, government agencies, and service providers, so that projects and policies are more demand-driven.
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| Methods for social analysis |
Social assessment (SA)
Objectives of SA are to (a) identify key stakeholders and establish the appropriate framework for their participation, (b) ensure that project objectives and incentives for change are appropriate and acceptable to beneficiaries, (c) assess social impacts and risks, and (d) minimize or mitigate adverse impacts.
Gender analysis (GA)
GA focuses on understanding and documenting the differences in gender roles, activities, needs, and opportunities in a given context. It highlights the different roles and learned behaviour of men and women based on gender attributes, which vary across culture, class, ethnicity, income, education, and time.
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